Periodontitis — causes, symptoms, prevention and modern treatment methods
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues, including the gums, oral mucosa, and ligaments that hold the tooth in its socket. Unlike superficial inflammations such as gingivitis, periodontitis affects deeper structures and, if left untreated, can lead to bone loss and tooth loss.
How periodontitis develops
The main trigger is the accumulation of dental plaque and calculus in periodontal pockets. Pathogenic bacteria form a biofilm that provokes an immune response. Chronic inflammation gradually destroys connective fibers and causes resorption of the supporting bone.
According to the European Federation of Periodontology, up to 50% of adults in Europe suffer from chronic periodontitis, with severe stages detected in 10–15% of patients over 35. In CIS countries, national data (2023) show a prevalence exceeding 60% among those over 40, with half diagnosed in advanced stages.
Risk factors
Key factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, lack of regular professional cleaning, incorrect brushing techniques, and systemic diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disorders. Research from PubMed confirms that smokers are 2–3 times more likely to develop progressive periodontitis, while diabetic patients require comprehensive treatment and frequent maintenance visits.
Symptoms and early signs
The first warning sign is gum bleeding during brushing or eating. Other symptoms include gum redness and swelling, bad breath, tooth mobility, and, in later stages, pus discharge from periodontal pockets.
Prevention of periodontitis
Effective prevention is based on three pillars:
1. Regular professional hygiene — scaling and plaque removal every 6 months (EFP guidelines).
2. Oral hygiene education — using a soft/medium toothbrush, floss, and oral irrigators.
3. Managing systemic conditions — controlling diabetes, cardiovascular health, and bone density.
Modern treatment methods
Non-surgical treatment
In early stages, therapy includes supra- and subgingival scaling, followed by root planing to remove biofilm and reduce inflammation.
Surgical treatment
For deep pockets (>5 mm), open flap curettage or flap surgery provides direct access for thorough cleaning. Bone grafting and guided tissue regeneration may be applied.
Maintenance therapy
After active treatment, patients follow a maintenance program with visits every 3–6 months for monitoring and professional cleaning.
Periodontitis and general health
Chronic oral inflammation is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, worsened diabetes control, and preterm birth (Offenbacher et al., 2009).
Periodontitis treatment at Diplomat Med Center
At Diplomat Med Center, we use modern protocols combining digital diagnostics, ultrasonic cleaning, Air Flow polishing, and laser therapy for fast, minimally invasive results. For complex cases, we apply regenerative techniques and provide thorough oral hygiene training.
In addition to periodontitis treatment, we offer restorative dentistry, pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, and cosmetic restorations.
Book your appointment at Diplomat Med Center today — we will help you stop periodontitis progression, preserve your teeth and gum health, and restore your confident smile.